Rome

	Italy
	41.95 ° N 12.50 ° E
	79 ft
	Warm temperate moist forest

Csa

Hot-summer Mediterranean climate

Csak

Subtropical climate with dry summer with hot summer with cool winter

Traditional Koppen classification: Csa (Hot-summer Mediterranean climate)

Official definition:

C – temperature of warmest month greater than or equal to 10 °C and temperature of coldest month less than 18 °C, but higher than -3 °C
s – precipitation in the driest month during the summer half year is less than 30 mm and less than one third of the precipitation in the month with highest precipitation in the winter half year.
a - temperature of the warmest month is higher than 22 °C

Cs climate type is characterized by a dry summer and wet winter. In the case of the Csa subtype, the summer tends to be very warm. The average temperature of the warmest month is above 22 °C. The wettest month in the winter usually has three times as much precipitation than the driest month in the summer, which usually has less than 30 mm of rainfall. Summers are therefore quite dry, with relatively little cloudiness and often longer periods with no rain at all. Winters on the other hand are wet and very rarely it snows as well.

Temperatures in the summer reach very high values between 30 and 40 °C. In the winter it is very unusual for the temperatures to fall below freezing point.

The continental Mediterranean climate (Csa) is sometimes also referred to as hot Mediterranean climate. The higher temperatures are the result of the fact that the places are usually deeper inland. The Csa subtype is more common than the other Cs climates and usually represents what most people imagine under the term “Mediterranean climate”.

It can be found for example around the Mediterranean sea in Europe, in Southwest Australia, Southwestern part of South Africa, some parts in Central Asia and in Northern California. Other places also include some microregions such as the Spanish capital Madrid, Italian Rome, American Los Angeles or Perth in Australia.

Modern Trewartha classification: Csak (Subtropical climate with dry summer with hot summer with cool winter)

Subtropical in the Koppen and Trewartha classification is defined as a region, where at least eight months has an average temperature of more than 10 °C, but the coldest month has an average temperature of less than 18 °C. The individual subtypes then differ in their annual precipitation distribution. In Trewartha classification there is a condition of maximum annual precipitation of 900 mm.

In general the subtropical climate is usually found in areas polewards from the tropical zones. It can also be found inside tropical zones at places with higher altitude. Typical are for example citrus trees or palm trees.

The Cs subtype in the Trewartha classification represents a subtropical climate with dry summer, sometimes referred to as the Mediterranean climate. It is characterized by hot and dry summers and mild winters, during which most of the precipitation is observed. High pressure is the dominating factor in the summer, when precipitation is very small and if there is some, it is usually in the form of very short, but intense thunderstorms. In the winter it can sometimes snow, especially at higher altitudes, but in general the winters are mild.

This climate type is most common in western coasts of continents in the middle latitudes, for example it includes areas on the West coast of the U.S. such as California, Southern Europe or Southwest tip of Australia.

hot summer: warmest month with average temperature between 23 and 28 °C
cool winter: coldest month with average temperature between 0 and 10 °C

Summary

59 °F
48 / 70

33.0 in
83 days

74 %

6 h 56 min/day

Temperature

	Month												Average
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	Average
Min Temperature(°F)	35.0	37.0	40.0	45.0	51.0	58.0	62.0	62.0	58.0	51.0	43.0	37.0	48.0
Avg Temperature(°F)	45.0	47.0	51.0	56.0	63.0	70.0	75.0	75.0	70.0	62.0	53.0	46.0	59.0
Max Temperature (°F)	54.0	57.0	61.0	67.0	75.0	82.0	88.0	88.0	82.0	73.0	62.0	55.0	70.0
Range	19.0	20.0	21.0	22.0	24.0	24.0	26.0	26.0	24.0	22.0	19.0	18.0	22.0

	Max month	Min month	Annual range
Min Temperature	Jul, Aug	Jan	27.0°F
Avg Temperature	Jul, Aug	Jan	30.0°F
Max Temperature	Jul, Aug	Jan	34.0°F
Temperature range	Jul, Aug	Dec	53.0°F

													Average
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	Average
Min Temperature(°F)
Avg Temperature(°F)
Max Temperature(°F)

	Mar, Apr, May				Jun, Jul, Aug				Sep, Oct, Nov				Dec, Jan, Feb
	Max	Min	Average	Range	Max	Min	Average	Range	Max	Min	Average	Range	Max	Min	Average	Range
Min Temperature	51.0	40.0	45.33	11.0	62.0	58.0	60.67	4.0	58.0	43.0	50.67	15.0	37.0	35.0	36.33	2.0
Avg Temperature	63.0	51.0	56.67	12.0	75.0	70.0	73.33	5.0	70.0	53.0	61.67	17.0	47.0	45.0	46.00	2.0
Max Temperature	75.0	61.0	67.67	14.0	88.0	82.0	86.00	6.0	82.0	62.0	72.33	20.0	57.0	54.0	55.33	3.0

Temperature

	Month												Average
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	Average
Avg Temperature (°F)	45.0	47.0	51.0	56.0	63.0	70.0	75.0	75.0	70.0	62.0	53.0	46.0	59.0

	Max month	Min month	Annual range
Avg Temperature	Jul, Aug	Jan	30.0°F

	Month												Average
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	Average
Avg Temperature (°F)

	Mar, Apr, May				Jun, Jul, Aug				Sep, Oct, Nov				Dec, Jan, Feb
	Max	Min	Average	Range	Max	Min	Average	Range	Max	Min	Average	Range	Max	Min	Average	Range
Avg Temperature	63.0	51.0	56.67	12.0	75.0	70.0	73.33	5.0	70.0	53.0	61.67	17.0	47.0	45.0	46.00	2.0

Humidity

	Month												Average
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	Average
Avg Humidity (%)	79.0	75.0	72.0	72.0	72.0	70.0	68.0	69.0	71.0	75.0	79.0	80.0	59.0

	Max month	Min month	Annual range
Avg Humidity	Dec	Jul	12.0%

	Month												Average
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	Average
Avg Humidity (%)

	Mar, Apr, May				Jun, Jul, Aug				Sep, Oct, Nov				Dec, Jan, Feb
	Max	Min	Average	Range	Max	Min	Average	Range	Max	Min	Average	Range	Max	Min	Average	Range
Avg Humidity	72.0	72.0	72.00	0.0	70.0	68.0	69.00	2.0	79.0	71.0	75.00	8.0	80.0	75.0	78.00	5.0

Precipitation

	Month												Monthly average	Annual total
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	Monthly average	Annual total
Average monthly precipitation (in)	3.3	3.0	2.7	2.7	1.9	1.6	0.9	1.4	3.0	4.3	4.7	3.7	2.7	33.0
Wetdays	8	9	9	8	6	3	3	2	6	9	10	10	7	83
Wetdays ratio (%)	25.8 8,23	32.1 9,19	29.0 9,22	26.7 8,22	19.4 6,25	10.0 3,27	9.7 3,28	6.5 2,29	20.0 6,24	29.0 9,22	33.3 10,20	32.3 10,21	22.7 22.7397,77.2603

	Max month	Min month	Max Season	Min Season	Annual range
Average monthly precipitation	Nov	Jul	Autumn	Summer	3.8in
Wetdays	Nov, Dec	Aug	Autumn	Summer	8

	Month
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Average monthly precipitation (in)
Wetdays / month

	Mar, Apr, May				Jun, Jul, Aug				Sep, Oct, Nov				Dec, Jan, Feb
	Max	Min	Range	Total	Max	Min	Range	Total	Max	Min	Range	Total	Max	Min	Range	Total
Average monthly precipitation (in)	2.7	1.9	0.8	7.2	1.6	0.9	0.7	3.9	4.7	3.0	1.8	11.9	3.7	3.0	0.7	9.9
Wetdays	9	6	3	23	3	2	1	8	62	6	56	121	10	8	2	27

Precipitation

	Month												Monthly average	Annual total
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	Monthly average	Annual total
Average monthly precipitation (in)	3.3	3.0	2.7	2.7	1.9	1.6	0.9	1.4	3.0	4.3	4.7	3.7	2.7	33.0

	Max month	Min month	Max Season	Min Season	Annual range
Average monthly precipitation	Nov	Jul	Autumn	Summer	3.8in

	Month
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Average monthly precipitation (in)

	Mar, Apr, May				Jun, Jul, Aug				Sep, Oct, Nov				Dec, Jan, Feb
	Max	Min	Range	Total	Max	Min	Range	Total	Max	Min	Range	Total	Max	Min	Range	Total
Average monthly precipitation (in)	2.7	1.9	0.8	7.2	1.6	0.9	0.7	3.9	4.7	3.0	1.8	11.9	3.7	3.0	0.7	9.9

Sunlight / Day length

			Max day length	Min day length	Sunlight/Day length
Jan	257 min 4 h 17 min	570 min 9 h 30 min 570,870	598 min 9 h 58 min (31.1.) 598,842	550 min 9 h 10 min (1.1.) 550,890	45.1 % 257,313
Feb	280 min 4 h 40 min	635 min 10 h 35 min 635,805	673 min 11 h 13 min (29.2.) 673,767	600 min 9 h 60 min (1.2.) 600,840	44.1 % 280,355
Mar	396 min 6 h 36 min	718 min 11 h 58 min 718,722	760 min 12 h 40 min (31.3.) 760,680	675 min 11 h 15 min (1.3.) 675,765	55.2 % 396,322
Apr	420 min 7 h 0 min	802 min 13 h 22 min 802,638	840 min 14 h 0 min (30.4.) 840,600	763 min 12 h 43 min (1.4.) 763,677	52.3 % 420,382
May	516 min 8 h 36 min	874 min 14 h 34 min 874,566	900 min 14 h 60 min (31.5.) 900,540	843 min 14 h 3 min (1.5.) 843,597	59.0 % 516,358
Jun	564 min 9 h 24 min	910 min 15 h 10 min 910,530	913 min 15 h 13 min (20.6.) 913,527	901 min 15 h 1 min (1.6.) 901,539	62.0 % 564,346
Jul	648 min 10 h 48 min	891 min 14 h 51 min 891,549	910 min 15 h 10 min (1.7.) 910,530	866 min 14 h 26 min (31.7.) 866,574	72.7 % 648,243
Aug	594 min 9 h 54 min	828 min 13 h 48 min 828,612	864 min 14 h 24 min (1.8.) 864,576	789 min 13 h 9 min (31.8.) 789,651	71.8 % 594,234
Sep	486 min 8 h 6 min	747 min 12 h 27 min 747,693	787 min 13 h 7 min (1.9.) 787,653	706 min 11 h 46 min (30.9.) 706,734	65.1 % 486,261
Oct	385 min 6 h 25 min	662 min 11 h 2 min 662,778	703 min 11 h 43 min (1.10.) 703,737	623 min 10 h 23 min (31.10.) 623,817	58.1 % 385,277
Nov	246 min 4 h 6 min	588 min 9 h 48 min 588,852	620 min 10 h 20 min (1.11.) 620,820	561 min 9 h 21 min (30.11.) 561,879	41.8 % 246,342
Dec	197 min 3 h 17 min	550 min 9 h 10 min 550,890	560 min 9 h 20 min (1.12.) 560,880	546 min 9 h 6 min (21.12.) 546,894	35.8 % 197,353
Year	450 min 7 h 30 min	731 min 12 h 11 min 731,709	913 min 15 h 13 min (19. 6.) 913,527	546 min 9 h 6 min (20. 12.) 546,894	61.6 % 450,281

	Mar, Apr, May				Jun, Jul, Aug				Sep, Oct, Nov				Dec, Jan, Feb
	Max	Min	Average	Sunlight/day	Max	Min	Average	Sunlight/day	Max	Min	Average	Sunlight/day	Max	Min	Average	Sunlight/day
(min/day)	516	396	444	55.6% 444,354	648	564	602	68.7% 602,274	486	246	372	55.9% 372,293	280	197	245	41.9% 245,339
Day length	900	675	798	55.6% 444,354	913	789	876	68.7% 602,274	787	561	666	55.9% 372,293	673	546	584	41.9% 245,339

Day length

		Max day length	Min day length
Jan	570 min 9 h 30 min 570,870	598 min 9 h 58 min (Array.1.) 598,842	550 min 9 h 10 min (1.1.) 550,890
Feb	635 min 10 h 35 min 635,805	673 min 11 h 13 min (Array.2.) 673,767	600 min 9 h 60 min (1.2.) 600,840
Mar	718 min 11 h 58 min 718,722	760 min 12 h 40 min (Array.3.) 760,680	675 min 11 h 15 min (1.3.) 675,765
Apr	802 min 13 h 22 min 802,638	840 min 14 h 0 min (Array.4.) 840,600	763 min 12 h 43 min (1.4.) 763,677
May	874 min 14 h 34 min 874,566	900 min 14 h 60 min (Array.5.) 900,540	843 min 14 h 3 min (1.5.) 843,597
Jun	910 min 15 h 10 min 910,530	913 min 15 h 13 min (Array.6.) 913,527	901 min 15 h 1 min (1.6.) 901,539
Jul	891 min 14 h 51 min 891,549	910 min 15 h 10 min (Array.7.) 910,530	866 min 14 h 26 min (31.7.) 866,574
Aug	828 min 13 h 48 min 828,612	864 min 14 h 24 min (Array.8.) 864,576	789 min 13 h 9 min (31.8.) 789,651
Sep	747 min 12 h 27 min 747,693	787 min 13 h 7 min (Array.9.) 787,653	706 min 11 h 46 min (30.9.) 706,734
Oct	662 min 11 h 2 min 662,778	703 min 11 h 43 min (Array.10.) 703,737	623 min 10 h 23 min (31.10.) 623,817
Nov	588 min 9 h 48 min 588,852	620 min 10 h 20 min (Array.11.) 620,820	561 min 9 h 21 min (30.11.) 561,879
Dec	550 min 9 h 10 min 550,890	560 min 9 h 20 min (Array.12.) 560,880	546 min 9 h 6 min (21.12.) 546,894
Year	731 min 12 h 11 min 731,709	913 min 15 h 13 min (21. 6.) 913,527	546 min 9 h 6 min (22. 12.) 546,894

	Mar, Apr, May			Jun, Jul, Aug			Sep, Oct, Nov			Dec, Jan, Feb
	Max	Min	Average	Max	Min	Average	Max	Min	Average	Max	Min	Average
Day length	900	675	798	913	789	876	787	561	666	673	546	584

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